Commitment to specific neural cell types such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons can then be achieved by modulating the culture conditions with specific induction and maturation media. They can be further differentiated into lineage restricted progenitor cells. The multipotent NSCs can be characterized by the presence of cellular markers such as Nestin. There are several established methods to derive NSCs from iPSCs and ESCs, however, the most common one is via the inhibition of the dual SMAD pathway. They serve as an attractive alternative for primary neural stem cells or immortalized primary neurons for neuroscience research. The multipotent neural progenitor cells derived from iPSCs or ESCs are highly enriched and scalable ( figure 5). The ability to generate pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells have created an exciting new era in the field of stem cell research, particularly, neuroscience. Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and autism, which were previously difficult to study due to a lack of in vitro cellular models, can now be studied in culture using patient-derived iPSCs. According to research, the unlimited supply of iPSCs that can be directed to become functionally mature cells also holds great promise as source material for cell therapies that address a variety of diseases such as diabetes, liver diseases, and Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.ĭifferentiation of pluripotent stem cells to neural lineage cells These research models can be valuable in defining the mechanisms of disease pathology and can consequently play a vital role in the possible identification of therapeutic targets and drug discovery. iPSCs have revolutionized stem cell research by simplifying the derivation of certain stem cells that can then be used to model diseases in a dish. iPSCs are similar or equivalent to ESCs but are generated via ectopic expression of reprogramming genes such as OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-MYC in adult somatic cells. Human ESCs are isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage of a developing embryo. Two commonly studied types of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced PSCs (iPSCs). To find more information about the different types of stem cells, stem cell markers, and antibodies we offer, please see the page contents. Antibody-based detection methods such as immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry are commonly used for the characterization of various stem cells and their differentiated cells. Stem cells show tremendous potential in the areas of developmental biology, disease modeling research, drug development screening, and cell therapy studies. These cells help to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found. The differentiation of multipotent stem cells is limited to the cell types found in the tissue of origin. Adult stem cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent stem cells. They have the potential to differentiate and become any cell type found in the human body. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that can divide for a long period in culture. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types, such as neurons, liver, or muscle cells.
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